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Loading Errors Due to Input Bias Current The semiconductor
devices used in the input circuits of the internal
DMM have slight
leakage currents called bias currents. The effect of the input bias
current is a loading error at the internal
DMM’s input terminals.
The leakage current will approximately double for every 10
°C
temperature rise, thus making the problem much more apparent at
higher temperatures.
Where:
I
b
= DMM bias current
R
s
= DUT source resistance
R
i
= Input resistance (10 MΩ or >10 GΩ)
C
i
= DMM input capacitance
Error (V) = I
b
x R
s
V
S
R
S
HI
LO
I
b
R
i
DMM
C
i
Chapter 8 Tutorial
Measurement Fundamentals
358
- HP 34970A 1
- The Front Panel at a Glance 3
- Display Annunciators 5
- The Rear Panel at a Glance 6
- PC for gathering and 7
- SMB connections 9
- RF multiplexers, you can 9
- LO) switching 10
- In This Book 11
- Contents 12
- Quick Start 16
- Standby only 18
- Installation Procedure 19
- On-Line Help System 20
- 4 Replace the module cover 21
- 7,0(30 23
- -81 23
- DAC) modules 24
- SCAN annunciator 25
- READINGS and press 25
- 3$67(72 26
- To Close a Channel 27
- HP Part Number: 2110-0458 29
- Chapter 1 Quick Start 30
- To Rack Mount the Instrument 31
- Front-Panel 33
- Overview 33
- Front-Panel Overview 34
- Front-Panel Menu Reference 35
- To Monitor a Single Channel 37
- ,17(59$/6&$1 38
- 6&$16 38
- , 39
- ,9'& 39
- /$%(/$6/%6 39
- 86($/$50 40
- +,$/$5021/< 40
- ,°& 41
- ',1 42
- '287 43
- '287 43
- 5($'5(6(7 44
- To Output a DC Voltage 45
- +3,% 46
- $''5(66 46
- %$8' 47
- (9(1,%,76 47
- )/2:'75'65 47
- 1$0(67$7( 48
- 7(67BUDFNB 48
- 6725(67$7( 48
- 67$7( 48
- &+$1*(6$9(' 48
- System Overview 49
- Measurement Software 52
- Optional 53
- Plug-In Modules 54
- System Cabling 55
- Transducers and Sensors 56
- Signal Routing and Switching 57
- DMM, you create a scanner 58
- LO measurements 58
- Channel Open 59
- Channel Closed 59
- Measurement Input 60
- Scanning 62
- The Multifunction Module 65
- Control Output 67
- ±12 volts with 68
- SPDT) switches 69
- Features and 70
- Functions 70
- Features and Functions 71
- SCPI Language Conventions 72
- Power Failure 76
- HP-IB interface by 81
- TTL pulse is received 82
- EXT annunciator turns on as a 82
- TTL pulse is 82
- @103) Enable the upper limit 84
- Scan Count 85
- Reading Format 86
- Channel Delay 87
- Automatic Channel Delays 88
- Single-Channel Monitoring 92
- Measurement Range 97
- 9'& 99
- P9'& 99
- ,2+0 99
- A/D) converter 100
- Custom A/D Integration Time 102
- PLCs for the active channel 103
- INTEGRATE T from the Advanced 103
- Autozero 104
- Measurement Units 105
- Thermocouple Measurements 106
- RTD measurement 107
- RTD Measurements 109
- RTD type 110
- Thermistor Measurements 111
- DC Input Resistance 112
- AC Low Frequency Filter 113
- Offset Compensation 114
- 20 Hz), or fast filter 116
- Low Frequency Timeout 117
- Mx+B Scaling 118
- =0.001428571, B= 119
- SCALING OFF 120
- Alarm Limits 121
- CHANNEL OFF 122
- Upper Limit 123
- Lower Limit 123
- Alarm Event 123
- No Alarm 123
- @103,212) 124
- Viewing Stored Alarm Data 125
- 4 Channel Number 126
- Using the Alarm Output Lines 127
- Falling Edge Rising Edge 128
- ;%,1 129
- CALC:COMP:MASK 130
- Digital Input Operations 132
- @302) Read port 02 133
- Totalizer Operations 134
- @<ch_list>)] 136
- @<scan_list>) 136
- Digital Output Operations 137
- DAC Output Operations 138
- System-Related Operations 139
- Error Conditions 141
- Self-Test 142
- Display Control 143
- Real-Time System Clock 144
- Internal DMM Disable 144
- Firmware Revision Query 145
- Relay Cycle Count 146
- DMM relay or the 147
- SCPI Language Version Query 148
- HP-IB Address 149
- Remote Interface Selection 150
- Parity Selection (RS-232) 151
- XON/XOFF 152
- DTR/DSR, RTS/CTS, or Modem 152
- XOFF” character (13H) 152
- Calibration Overview 154
- Calibration Message 157
- Calibration Count 158
- Factory Reset State 159
- Instrument Preset State 160
- Compensation 161
- Module Reference 162
- Channel Switches 163
- Shunt Switches 163
- Bank Switch 163
- Backplane Switches 163
- HP 34904A 4x8 Matrix Switch 169
- Digital Input/Output 173
- Totalize Input 173
- Analog Output (DAC) 173
- Remote Interface 177
- Reference 177
- Remote Interface Reference 178
- SCPI Command Summary 179
- @101,121) 180
- @101:220) 180
- @101:122) 180
- ,][(@<channel>)] 183
- >[,(@<ch_list>)] 190
- Alarm Limit Commands 191
- MIN 194
- MIN 194
- System-Related Commands 195
- ON},<code> 197
- IEEE 488.2 Common Commands 198
- Ω (fixed for all DCV ranges) 199
- Using the MEASure? Command 200
- Using the CONFigure Command 200
- Using the READ? Command 202
- Example: Using MEASure? 203
- RTD measurements 206
- +1.00000000E+01” 213
- MAX selects the largest 214
- 3.00000000E-05” 214
- PLCs) on the 216
- PLC. MIN = 0.02. MAX = 200 216
- +1.00000000E+00” 216
- OFF) or “1” (ON) 219
- +2.89753100E+01” 219
- RTD type in use on 220
- +1.00000000E+02” 220
- @<ch_list>) 223
- Scanning Overview 224
- Scan Interval 225
- @101:103), the ROUT:SCAN? 226
- ABS” or “REL” 230
- +2.61920000E+01” 231
- +0.00000000E+00” 232
- +5.00000000E+00” 232
- MEM annunciator 233
- SCPI definite length block 234
- RF multiplexer modules 235
- DMM is not 235
- #16(@103) 236
- DMM. In this 237
- #214(@101,102,103) 238
- BUS”, “IMM”, “EXT”, or “TIM” 238
- EXTernal” 240
- EXT”, “BUS”, or “IMM” 240
- Mx+B Scaling Overview 242
- ±1E+15. The default is B=0 243
- Alarm System Overview 245
- DIO channels 252
- Digital Input Commands 253
- Totalizer Commands 254
- NEG” or “POS” 255
- Digital Output Commands 256
- DAC Output Commands 256
- Switch Control Commands 257
- State Storage Commands 259
- System-Related Commands 262
- DMM is installed 265
- FACTORY RESET from the 265
- PRESET from the front-panel 265
- ERROR annunciator 266
- SCPI version. Returns a 266
- RS-232 operation. All keys on 267
- RS-232 operation. All keys 267
- RS-232 operation 267
- RS-232 interface and 267
- RS-232 Configuration Overview 268
- RS-232 Flow Control Modes 269
- RS-232 Data Frame Format 270
- RS-232 Troubleshooting 271
- Modem Communications 272
- The SCPI Status System 273
- HP 34970A Status System 274
- Not Used 275
- IEEE-488 SRQ interrupt 277
- SRQ interrupt by sending 277
- The Alarm Register 282
- SCAN annunciator is on) 283
- Status System Commands 284
- 289
- Calibration Commands 290
- CAL: 06-01-98” 291
- 1.00000000E+01” 291
- Service-Related Commands 292
- PRESET from the 293
- [(@<ch_list>)] 294
- Command Separators 296
- Querying Parameter Settings 297
- SCPI Command Terminators 297
- IEEE-488.2 Common Commands 297
- SCPI Parameter Types 298
- Using Device Clear 300
- Error 301
- Messages 301
- Error Messages 302
- Execution Errors 303
- ASCII characters 304
- INTERRUPTED 306
- UNTERMINATED 306
- DEADLOCKED 306
- Instrument Errors 307
- Ω (“2252”), 5 kΩ (“5000”) 308
- DMM has been changed since 309
- DMM. For more information 309
- Self-Test Errors 312
- Calibration Errors 313
- Plug-In Module Errors 315
- Application 316
- Programs 316
- Application Programs 317
- SCPI commands 318
- VISA User’s Guide 325
- Tutorial 329
- Cable Specifications 331
- Single-Point Ground 333
- Separate Grounds 333
- Parallel Grounds 333
- Shielded twisted pair 334
- Double-shielded coaxial cable 334
- DMM on the 335
- RF sources 335
- RFI radiated from the 335
- DMM will measure the 338
- LO terminal 338
- Measurement Fundamentals 339
- Temperature Measurements 341
- DMM’s copper 343
- LO input 343
- DMM’s input terminals 344
- Thermocouple Types 347
- Chapter 8 Tutorial 347
- WITHOUT SHIELD 349
- WITH SHIELD 349
- DC Voltage Measurements 350
- DMM is completely 351
- LO terminal and earth 351
- LO terminal of the internal 352
- DMM to 1 PLC 352
- DUT) is an 353
- DMM’s dc input resistance to 353
- DMM have slight 354
- AC Voltage Measurements 355
- DMM is true RMS, its sinewave 358
- RMS value of a waveform 358
- x 3.14159 x 1000000 359
- √ 360
- V 361
- Current Measurements 363
- DMM as shown below 364
- DMM’s series inductance and 364
- Resistance Measurements 365
- RTD temperature transducers 366
- DMM’s test 367
- Ω resistance in humid 368
- Strain Gage Measurements 369
- GF = (∆R / R) / ε 370
- DMM Sensitivity 371
- DMM’s ac voltage 372
- DMM input channel is 374
- DMM, you could configure a 374
- Four-Wire Multiplexers 376
- Ω when all of the actuator 380
- Ω to 50Ω are 380
- Using Varistors 382
- Matrix Switching 384
- RF Signal Multiplexing 386
- Direct to Module 387
- Using provided adapter cables 387
- Multifunction Module 388
- Using an External Pull-Up 390
- Driving External Switches 390
- Totalizer Errors 392
- DAC Errors 394
- Continuous 395
- Relay Life 396
- Relay Load 396
- Switching Frequency 397
- Replacement Strategy 397
- Specifications 398
- Without Scaling, add 1 399
- Chapter 9 Specifications 400
- AC Accuracy Specifications 401
- System Speeds 403
- System Characteristics 403
- Module Specifications 404
- HP 34905A, 34906A 405
- Software Specifications 407
- ≤ 150 µV 409
- ≤ 1.5 µV 409
- Measurement Error 410
- DMM on the 10 Vdc range 410
- Sensitivity 411
- Resolution 412
- Accuracy 412
- 24-Hour Accuracy 413
- 90-Day and 1-Year Accuracy 413
- Temperature Coefficients 413
- Ω (for the 100 mV, 1 V 414
- IndexIndex 415
- ° ” character, 120 417
- (“B”), 121 421
- setting gain (“M”), 39, 121 421
- (“B”), 39, 121 421
- (Mx+B), 119 422
- (Mx+B scaling), 39, 119 422
- , 115, 371 422
- On/Standby switch, 17 422
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